Introduction Perimenopause, as defined by the North American Menopause Society (NAMS), begins when menstrual cycle variability exceeds seven days and ends one year after the final menstrual period [1]. Although alternative descriptions exist, all characterize it as a transition from predominantly ovulatory cycles to anovulatory cycles, ultimately leading to the cessation of ovulation and permanent […]
Introduction Reed syndrome, or Hereditary Leiomyomatosis and Renal Cell Cancer (HLRCC), is a rare autosomal dominant disorder first described by Reed et al. in 1973 [1]. It is characterized by the presence of cutaneous piloleiomyomas and uterine leiomyomas in women, with a genetic basis linked to mutations in the fumarate hydratase (FH) gene located on […]
Introduction In recent years, laser technology has emerged as a minimally invasive treatment option for pelvic floor dysfunctions, particularly for genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) [1–4]. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and Erbium-doped yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Er:YAG) lasers deliver short pulses that raise vaginal mucosal temperatures to 60–70 °C, promoting vaginal remodeling, neocollagenesis, and neovascularization [5–7]. These processes help restore […]
Introduction Congenital uterine anomalies arise from maldevelopment of the Müllerian ducts during intrauterine life [1]. They affect approximately 5.5% of the general population, with significantly higher prevalence among individuals with infertility and/or recurrent early pregnancy loss; in fact, up to 25% of patients with both conditions may be affected [1,2]. Some patients remain completely asymptomatic, […]
Introduction growth and a high tendency to recur after surgical resection [1]. Although it does not metastasize and its histology appears benign, the tumour commonly infiltrates soft tissues of the pelviperineal region, making surgical excision difficult. Incomplete resection, or resection without free margins, substantially increases the risk of recurrence, and infiltration of adjacent organs may […]