Most studies on the use of testosterone in postmenopausal women have been based on DSM-4 terminology [1], and patients have been diagnosed with hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) rather than female sexual interest and arousal disorder (FSIAD), the concept introduced in DSM-5. In DSM-4, HSDD is defined as a “persistent or recurrent deficiency or absence […]
Introduction The modern healthcare landscape is characterized by an ever-increasing volume of data and clinical complexity, rendering reliance on human cognition alone insufficient for ensuring patient safety [1]. Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS) have emerged as a cornerstone of health informatics, designed to augment clinical judgment by providing filtered, patient-specific information at the point of […]
Introduction Women may experience increased vaginal or peri-vaginal secretion in connection with sexual arousal, and some report an additional increase specifically associated with orgasm, commonly referred to as female ejaculation. Female ejaculation has been described in both general erotic literature and professional gynecological literature. Some women report that increased secretion occurs only during certain orgasms, […]
Introduction Female sexuality is a complex domain shaped by the dynamic interaction of physiological, psychological, and sociocultural dimensions. As women age, particularly after 40 years, their sexual function can be profoundly affected by hormonal changes, obstetric history, medical comorbidities, and relational or emotional contexts. These physiological modifications lead to hormonal repercussions, notably a decrease in […]
Introduction Tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA) is a severe complication of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), characterized by pus-filled collections involving the fallopian tubes and/or ovaries. The condition usually results from ascending genital tract infections or, less commonly, secondary spread from intra-abdominal sepsis. Approximately 30–40% of cases are polymicrobial, with common pathogens including Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Escherichia […]
Introduction Adolescents frequently report menstrual-related symptoms that impact daily functioning and well-being, with combined oral contraceptives (COCs) often prescribed for symptom management and cycle regulation [1]. Several studies indicate that 70–90% of adolescents experience menstrual pain, and around one-third report symptoms severe enough to interfere with school attendance, social activities, or mood [2-5]. Despite this […]
Introduction Menopause, whether physiological or iatrogenic, is a life stage characterized by the permanent cessation of ovarian function and is associated with physiological, psychological, and cultural changes that influence sexuality in a biopsychosocial manner. Female sexual interest and arousal disorder was first described in the diagnostic criteria of the DSM-5, in which, based on the […]
Introduction Conjoined twins result from incomplete division of the embryonic disc occurring after the 13th day of gestation [1]. The first prenatal diagnosis of conjoined twins by ultrasound was reported in 1976 by Wilson at 35 weeks of gestation [2,3]. Since then, diagnostic capabilities have improved substantially, allowing detection as early as seven weeks of […]
Introduction Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement. It results from the gradual loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra region of the brain. Although classified as a movement disorder, it also causes motor and non-motor symptoms that worsen over time [1]. The disease was first described in 1817 […]
Introduction Placenta previa is a serious obstetrical complication associated with significant maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality [1,2]; however, its management continues to be challenging [3]. Excessive or recurrent vaginal bleeding usually mandates delivery regardless of gestational age [4]. Vaginal bleeding due to placenta previa is associated with increased maternal morbidity, resulting in significant blood […]
Introduction Congenital uterine anomalies (CUA) result from abnormal embryonic development of the Müllerian ducts. These defects may lead to agenesis (partial or complete) of the ducts, incomplete or absent development of one duct, partial or total failure of midline fusion, or defects in reabsorption of the intermüllerian septum [1,2]. CUA are present in 1–10% of […]
Introduction Ovarian torsion is a gynecologic emergency characterized by partial or complete rotation of the ovary around its vascular pedicle, leading to compromised blood flow and potential ovarian ischemia [1]. It accounts for approximately 2.7% of all gynecologic emergencies [2] and predominantly affects women of reproductive age, typically in association with ovarian cysts, adnexal masses, […]
Climate change triggers a health crisis that increases the burden on healthcare systems, societies, and economies and has been declared the single biggest health threat facing humanity by the World Health Organization (WHO) [1]. Increased temperatures, air pollution, environmental toxins, and extreme weather events result in negative health outcomes such as non-communicable, vector-borne, and waterborne […]
Introduction Primary angiosarcoma of the breast (PAB) is an extremely rare malignant tumor [1]. Its aggressive behavior, coupled with the very limited number of published cases, means that the condition remains poorly characterized, and evidence-based management guidelines are still lacking. Because of this scarcity, clinicians may not immediately consider PAB when evaluating breast lesions, contributing […]
Introduction Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) represents a spectrum of inflammatory disorders of the upper female genital tract, including endometritis, salpingitis, oophoritis, and, in more severe cases, the formation of tubo-ovarian abscesses (TOAs) and advanced tubal collections [1]. The condition most frequently affects women of reproductive age but remains underdiagnosed in adolescents, in whom clinical suspicion […]
Introduction Endometriosis is a condition in which endometrial glands and stroma develop outside the uterine cavity [1]. It is common, affecting 5–10% of women of reproductive age [2–4], and may appear as peritoneal lesions, endometriomas, or deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE). Typical symptoms include dysmenorrhea, dyschezia, dyspareunia, dysuria, chronic pelvic pain, and infertility. Beyond physical discomfort, […]
Introduction Ectopic pregnancy (EP) is defined as a pregnancy that occurs outside the uterine cavity, most commonly in the ampullary portion of the fallopian tube [1]. Twin ectopic pregnancy (TEP) is exceedingly rare, particularly when it occurs spontaneously and both embryos are implanted within the same tube. Because the risk of tubal rupture is higher […]
Introduction Preterm birth (PTB), defined as delivery before 37 weeks of gestation, remains the leading cause of neonatal mortality worldwide and a major contributor to long-term morbidity. It affects approximately 15 million births annually [1], accounting for nearly 11% of all live births, or roughly one in every ten babies born globally [2,3]. Complications related […]
Introduction Congenital uterine anomalies arise from maldevelopment of the Müllerian ducts during intrauterine life [1]. They affect approximately 5.5% of the general population, with significantly higher prevalence among individuals with infertility and/or recurrent early pregnancy loss; in fact, up to 25% of patients with both conditions may be affected [1,2]. Some patients remain completely asymptomatic, […]
Introduction In recent years, laser technology has emerged as a minimally invasive treatment option for pelvic floor dysfunctions, particularly for genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) [1–4]. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and Erbium-doped yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Er:YAG) lasers deliver short pulses that raise vaginal mucosal temperatures to 60–70 °C, promoting vaginal remodeling, neocollagenesis, and neovascularization [5–7]. These processes help restore […]