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Introduction Multiple factors like pelvic surgery, postmenopausal stage, multiple vaginal deliveries, increased body mass index (BMI), connective tissue diseases, and smoking have been implicated in the pathogenesis of pelvic organ descent [1]. Physical examination and imaging are important for the evaluation, staging, and management of pelvic organ prolapse (POP). Abnormal symptoms and prolapse are caused […]

Introduction In 2020, breast cancer became the most commonly diagnosed cancer type in the world with more than 2.26 million new cases and almost 685,000 deaths worldwide, being the most common cause of cancer death in women, and the fifth overall [1].  For breast cancer patients, chemotherapy (CT) is typically administered after surgery to prevent […]

Introduction Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) refers to the development of diminished ovarian function in women before the age of 40, mainly in the form of abnormal menstruation (amenorrhea, scanty or frequent periods), elevated gonadotropin levels (FSH >25 IU/L) and fluctuating decreases in estrogen levels [1]. The etiology of POI is complex, with medical factors being […]

On September 2, 2019, the first issue of the European Gynecology & Obstetrics, the official journal of the European Society of Gynecology, was published. To me, the Editor-in-Chief of this journal, nothing matters more than the confidence of our readers in the quality of our published manuscripts, and by quality, I mean above all veracity, […]

Introduction Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) has been a source of controversy since its introduction. Firstly, estrogens alone were used, later observing an increased risk of endometrial cancer. Later, it was reported that by associating progesterone endometrial risk was reduced. There was a hormone boom that lasted for a couple of decades, until the Women’s Health […]

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is defined as an involuntary leakage of urine upon effort, physical exertion, sneezing or coughing. It affects 10-39% of the female population. This condition alters the physical, social, emotional and sexual wellbeing of affected women, thus impairing their quality of life. Therefore, an adequate assessment and tailored treatment should be offered. […]

Introduction Women with endometriosis have a higher rate of anxiety symptoms compared to healthy women [1]. This is due to the nature of endometriosis –a chronic gynecological disease frequently associated with chronic pelvic pain and/or infertility– which exposes women to high levels of stress and uncertainty [2]. For this reason, endometriosis is considered a disabling condition that […]

Introduction Infertility is a common reproductive health problem defined as the inability of a couple to conceive after 12 months of sexual intercourse without contraception, or limited reproduction individually or with a partner [1].  It affects approximately 15% of couples of reproductive age [2, 3]. The etiology of infertility is multifactorial, but in one third […]

Introduction This study was prompted by the desire of professionals on the Douala Antenatal Diagnostic staff [1] to determine, with a view to prevention, the emotional vulnerability of patients seeking procreation. Infertility is an international public health problem [2]. It is a condition characterized by the failure to establish a clinical pregnancy after 12 months […]

Introduction Vaginal microbiota refers to the diverse microbial populations that biologically inhabit the female genital tract and plays a role in the homeostasis of the vaginal environment. The composition of the vaginal microbiota is highly variable among individuals and is influenced by factors including but not limited to diet, sexual activity, and hormonal changes. The […]

Introduction Serum vitamin D, measured as 25-hidroxy vitamin D (25-OH-D), has traditionally been studied in diseases of the bone, such as osteoporosis [1]. However, recently 25-OH-D has been studied in pathologies nonrelated to bone disease, and hipovitaminosis D has been related to more common diseases such as arterial hypertension [2], diabetes [3], vascular disease [4] […]

Introduction Recurrent implantation failures are highly relevant issues in reproductive medicine. Despite the achievements of Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) in overcoming infertility, pregnancy rate remains low. According to the European IVF-monitoring Consortium, after IVF clinical pregnancy rate is about 35% [1]. It is recognized that an important reason for implantation failure is associated with insufficient […]

Introduction Menopause is the functional failure of the ovaries, which leads to several changes in the functioning of the woman’s body and an increased risk of developing diseases. Among the factors that lead to negative health outcomes resulting from menopause, the reduction in bone mineral density and sarcopenia can result in serious changes in the […]

Introduction According to the World Health Organization (WHO), from 1990, worldwide cesarean section (CS) rates have risen and continue to increase, currently accounting for more than 1 in 5 (21%) of all childbirths. Although CS is recognized as an important way to protect maternal and fetal health, in some critical situations, unnecessary surgical procedures can […]

Introduction  Increasing cesarean section (CS) rates with no obvious benefits for mothers and neonates are of worldwide concern [1,2]. Too many CSs or overuse of CS are sometimes criticized as unnecessary [2]. Women with one previous lower segment transverse CS can be good candidates for trial of vaginal birth [3] and in the majority of […]

Introduction Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a condition that affects many women and is detrimental to their everyday activities, sexual function and quality of life. The etiology of POP is complex and includes several risk factors such as vaginal childbirth, advancing age and increased body mass index. Some studies have also shown a genetic or […]

In the recent years it has become apparent that the scientific community has been trying to provide evidence regarding the efficacy for the use of vaginal lasers as a treatment option in gynecology. Indeed, there has been an increase in the past 5 years of more than the double in the number of publications related […]

Introduction Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) is a rare disease in which insufficient or deficient secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) causes delayed or non-development of puberty and infertility. It is more common in males by a ratio of five to one [1]. The higher incidence of CHH in men has led to women often being ignored […]

Acronyms and abbreviations TVS: Transvaginal sonography;  PPV: Positive predictive value; NPV: Negative predictive value; LR+: Positive likelihood ratio; LR-: Negative likelihood ratio; DOR: Diagnostic odds ratio; ROC: Receiver-operating curve; IR: Institutional Review; MUMS: Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; PPV: Positive predictive value; NPV: Negative predictive value; Apgar score: a scoring system used to assess the […]

Introduction Placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) disorder is clinically diagnosed when the placenta cannot be separated from the uterus after delivery [1]. This abnormal attachment of the placenta to the myometrium occurs when a defect of the decidua basalis allows the chorionic villi to invade the myometrium [1]. Placental attachment disorders in which the placental villi […]